GCMS Analysis Of Endophytic Fungi Curvularia Aeria Mtcc-12847 Isolated From Tribulus Terrestris L.

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to perform the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of endophytic fungi Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 isolated from Tribulus terrestris L. to find out the active compound present in the extract. Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from the plant Tribulus Terrestris L., leaf which was cultivated in optimized media for the production of secondary metabolites and was extracted using ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract was used for the Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Results: GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, the highest amount present was Palmitic acid (24.54%) and Lowest was Dimethyl 1-phenyl-7-methyl-1-hydroxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5.76%). Conclusion: The endophytic fungal Curvularia aeria MTCC-12847 extract isolated from the Tribulus terrestris L. shows the presence of various bioactive compounds.

Análise histológica do fêmur de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas suplementadas com extrato de Tribulus terrestris L / Histological analysis of the fem of female swiss mice ovariectomized and not ovariectomized supplements with extract of Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: a incapacidade de gerar filhos é chamada de infertilidade, e acomete grande parte da população, principalmente mulheres entrando no período da menopausa. Tal condição afeta a qualidade de vida, pois aumenta o desgaste ósseo, fazendo com que a busca por tratamentos de reposição hormonal aumente exponencialmente. Entretanto, tais tratamentos possuem efeitos colaterais, o que apresenta plantas medicinais como tratamentos alternativos. Objetivo: avaliar a histologia do fêmur de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas tratadas ou não com Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas divididos em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles com e sem suplementação e dois que sofreram o processo de ovariectomia bilateral, com e sem suplementação. O extrato da planta foi administrado por 21 dias por gavagem. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e o fêmur coletado para análise histológica. Resultados: o TT não foi capaz de alterar significativamente o diâmetro do osso. A castração, como esperado, mostrou possível osteopenia. A planta pode ter efeito protetor aos ossos devido a efeito antiartrítico. Conclusão: na análise histológica descritiva do fêmur, foram evidenciadas alterações que se associam à osteopenia nos animais castrados e efeito ósseo-protetor nos animais suplementados com o extrato dos frutos do Tribulus terrestris L.

Introduction: inability to generate children is called infertility and affects a large part of the population, especially women entering the menopausal period. Such a condition affects the quality of life, including the use of the bone system, causing the search for hormone replacement services exponentially. However, such treatments shave light collectors, such as medicinal plants as alternative treatments. Objective: to evaluate the histology of the treatment of pairs of ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized women treated with or without Tribulus terrestris L. (TT). Methods: twenty-eight Swiss mice were divided into four groups, two controls with and without supplementation, and two with bilateral ovariectomy, with and without supplementation. The plant extract was administered for 21 days by way of gavage. After the evaluation, the animals were eutanasiated and their femur was collected for histological analysis. Results: the TT was not able to change the diameter of the bone. Castration, as expected, allowed for osteopenia. The plant may have a protective effect on bones because of an anti-arthritic effect. Conclusion: in the descriptive histological analysis of phosphorus, there were evidences alterations that associate the osteopenia in the animals and the bony-protective effects in the animals supplemented with the extract of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris L.

Valiação do efeito do extrato de Tribulus Terrestris l. Na ocorrência do ciclo estral de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas / Evaluation of the extract effect of Tribulus terrestris L. on the occurrence of the estral cycle of ovariectomized and not ovariectomized female swiss mice

Introdução: a infertilidade ou incapacidade de gerar filhos é um problema que acomete parte da população. Seu tratamento geralmente é feito pela reposição hormonal, no entanto, terapias alternativas com o uso de plantas medicinais vêm sendo adotadas. Objetivo: diante do exposto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do extrato do Tribulus terrestris L. na ocorrência do ciclo estral em camundongos fêmea ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas. Métodos: foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas e adultas, divididas em quatro grupos de 7 animais: grupo sem ovariectomia e sem suplementação ou controle, grupo com ovariectomia e sem suplementação, simulando a infertilidade, grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris (10mg/kg) com ovariectomia e grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg/kg) sem ovariectomia. Os extratos foram administrados por gavagem durante 21 dias. O ciclo estral foi analisado ao longo deste mesmo período. Resultados: notou-se aumento significativo na fase proestro do ciclo estral no grupo ovariectomizado e suplementado quando comparado ao grupo ovariectomizado e sem suplementação. Conclusão: o aumento significativo na ocorrência do proestro corresponde a um período do ciclo estral relacionado à ocorrência da ovulação.

Introduction: infertility or inability to generate children is a problem that affects part of the population. Its treatment is usually done by hormone replacement, however, alternative therapies with the use of medicinal plants have been adopted. Objective: in view of the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris L. extract on the occurrence of the estrous cycle in ovariectomized and non ovariectomized mice. Methods: twentyeight female and adult Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 7 animals: group without ovariectomy and without supplementation or control, group with ovariectomy and no supplementation simulating infertility, group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) with ovariectomy and group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) without ovariectomy. The extracts were administered by way of gavage for 21 days. The estrous cycle was analyzed over this same time. Results: there was a significant increase in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle in the ovariectomized group and supplemented when compared to the ovariectomized group and without supplementation. Conclusion: the significant increase in the occurrence of proestrus corresponds to a period of the estrous cycle related to the occurrence of ovulation.

Variação ponderal e dosagem de testosterona, progesterona e estradiol de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas suplementadas com extrato de Tribulus terrestris L / Variation of weight and dosage of testosterone, progesterone and estradiol of ovariectomized and not ovariectomized female swiss mice Supplements with extract of Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: A infertilidade é definida como incapacidade de gerar filhos e acomete significativa parte da população. Por afetar a qualidade de vida da paciente, a mesma geralmente busca tratamentos que, em suma, são a base de reposição hormonal, que possui diversos efeitos colaterais, abrindo assim uma porta para o estudo de tratamentos alternativos, como o caso das plantas medicinais. Objetivo: Dosar testosterona, progesterona e estradiol em camundongos, assim como sua variação ponderal mediante a suplementação com Tribulus terrestris L. Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas divididas em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles com e sem suplementação e dois que sofreram o processo de ovariectomia bilateral, com e sem suplementação. O extrato da planta foi administrado por 21 dias por gavagem. Os animais foram pesados semanalmente e após os 21 dias foram eutanasiados, e tiveram o sague coletado para as dosagens hormonais. Resultados: Ocorreu queda significativa de testosterona nos grupos suplementados com a planta e nos grupos ovariectomizados em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao estradiol, não houve alterações significativas entre os grupos, enquanto a progesterona reduziu significativamente nos grupos castrados com e sem suplementação. Quanto à variação ponderal, ao comparar os grupos ovariectomizados e não ovariectomizados, notou-se aumento significativo do peso. Conclusão: A castração promoveu o aumento de peso nos animais. A mesma medida associada à suplementação reduziu a testosterona e a progesterona sérica, e não alterou os níveis de estradiol nos animais.

Introduction: Infertility is defined as the inability to generate children, and affects a significant part of the population. Because it affects the quality of life of the patient, they usually seeks treatments that, in short, are based on hormonal replacement, which has several side effects, opening, thus, a door for the study of alternative treatments, such as the case of medicinal plants. Objective: To measure testosterone, progesterone and estradiol in mice, as well as their weight variation by means of supplementation with Tribulus terrestris L. Methods: Twenty-eight female Swiss mice were divided into four groups, two controls with and without supplementation and two that underwent the process of bilateral ovariectomy, with and without supplementation. The plant extract was administered for 21 days by gavage. The animals were weighed weekly and, after 21 days, were euthanized and the sage was collected for the hormonal dosages. Results: There was a significant fall in testosterone in the groups supplemented with the plant and in the ovariectomized groups in relation to the control group. There were no significant changes in estradiol between groups, whereas progesterone significantly decreased in the castrated groups with and without supplementation. Regarding the weight variation when comparing the ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized groups, a significant increase in weight was observed. Conclusion: Castration promoted weight gain in animals. The same associated with supplementation reduced testosterone and serum progesterone and did not alter estradiol levels in the animals.

Estudo histológico dos testículos de camundongos suiços machos suplementados com propionato de testosterona e Tribulus terrestris L / Histological study of testicles of mice swiss males supplements with testosterone propionate and Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: o declínio sérico de testosterona decorrente da idade afeta a qualidade de vida do homem, que busca meios para tratamento que não possuam tantos efeitos adversos como a testosterona sintética, como o extrato da planta Tribulus terrestris L. (TT). Objetivo: estudar a histologia dos testículos de camundongos suíços suplementados com propionato de testosterona e extrato de TT. Métodos: o procedimento utilizou 30 camundongos suíços machos divididos em 3 grupos, onde o grupo controle recebeu veículo aquoso durante o experimento. O grupo testosterona recebeu 20mg/kg do fármaco e o grupo TT recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato das flores da planta. Resultados e Discussão: a região ependidimária foi visualizada com características de normalidade, mostrando epitélio pseudo-estratificado ciliado, intercalado por tecido muscular liso. Nos grupos controle e testosterona foi evidenciado a presença de espermatozoides no centro dos ductos. O alto incremento de testosterona sérica causado pela suplementação com o TT possivelmente leva a um mecanismo de feedback negativo no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise, fazendo com que o mesmo não secrete os hormônios necessários para a síntese de testosterona endógena e sequente produção espermática. Conclusão: o uso de TT pode causar azoospermia.

Introduction: age-related serum testosterone decline affects man's quality of life, which seeks treatment means that do not have as many adverse effects as synthetic testosterone, such as Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) extract. Objective: to study the histology of the testes of Swiss mice supplemented with testosterone propionate and TT extract. Methods: the procedure used 30 male Swiss mice divided into 3 groups, where the control group received an aqueous vehicle during the experiment. The testosterone group received 20 mg / kg of the drug and the TT group received 10 mg / kg of the plant extract. Results and Discussion: the ependidimary region was visualized with characteristics of normality, showing ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium, interspersed by smooth muscle tissue. In the control and testosterone groups the presence of spermatozoa was evidenced in the center of the ducts. The high increase of serum testosterone caused by supplementation with TT possibly leads to a negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, causing it not to secrete the hormones necessary for the synthesis of endogenous testosterone and subsequent sperm production. Conclusion: the use of TT may cause azoospermia.

Avaliação histológica dos rins de camundongos suiços machos suplementados com propionato de testosterona e Tribulus terrestris L / Histological evaluation of kidneys from male swiss mice supplemented with testosterone propionate and Tribulus terrestris L

Introdução: a redução dos hormônios sexuais está associada à condição como a depressão e, nesse cenário, busca-se cada vez mais por tratamentos de suplementação com testosterona sintética, que possui muitos efeitos colaterais. O Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) é uma planta que supostamente possui compostos químicos similares ou análogos a testosterona. Objetivo: analisar a histologia dos rins de camundongos suíços machos suplementados com TT e propionato de testosterona (PT) Métodos: o procedimento utilizou 30 camundongos suíços machos divididos em 3 grupos, em que o grupo controle recebeu um veículo aquoso durante o experimento. O grupo testosterona recebeu 20mg/kg do fármaco PT e o grupo Tribulus recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato das flores da planta TT. Após eutanásia, os rins foram retirados e emblocados em parafina para confecção das lâminas. Resultados e Discussão: em comparação ao grupo controle não foram evidenciadas diferenças histológicas. Conclusão: este estudo corrobora com o de Ghanbari (2016), que apresenta um suposto efeito antioxidante nos rins, não causando dano ao mesmo, e sim redução de disfunções renais, danos tubulares, apoptose e estresse oxidativo devido á flavonoides (substâncias encontradas na composição química da planta).

Introduction: the reduction of sex hormones is associated with condition such as depression and, in this scenario, it is increasingly sought for treatments of synthetic testosterone supplementation, which has many side effects. Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is a plant that supposedly has chemical compounds similar to or analogous to testosterone. Objective: to analyze the histology of the kidneys of male Swiss mice supplemented with TT and testosterone propionate (PT) Methods: the procedure used 30 male Swiss mice divided into 3 groups, where the control group received an aqueous vehicle during the experiment. The testosterone group received 20 mg / kg of the drug PT and the Tribulus group received 10 mg / kg of the extract of the flowers of the TT plant. After euthanasia the kidneys were removed and placed in paraffin for the preparation of the slides. Results and Discussion: in comparison to the control group, no histological differences were found. Conclusion: this study corroborates that of Ghanbari (2016) which presents a supposed antioxidant effect in the kidneys, not causing damage to it, but reduction of renal dysfunctions, tubular damage, apoptosis and oxidative stress due to flavonoids (substances found in the composition chemistry of the plant).

Estudo do efeito da castração, suplementação com propionato de testosterona e tribulus terrestris L No fígado de camundongos suíços machos / Study of effect of castration, supplementation with testosterone propionate and Tribulus Terrestris L. in males swiss mice liver

Introdução: o declínio hormonal associa-se à depressão. O uso de testosterona sintética aumentou significativamente, buscando minimizar os sintomas desse quadro. O Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) é uma planta que supostamente possui componentes análogos à testosterona. Objetivo: analisar a histologia do fígado de animais normais e com declínio reprodutivo, suplementados com propionato de testosterona e TT. Métodos: foram utilizados 40 camundongos suíços machos divididos em quatro grupos, sendo um castrado. Os grupos controle e castrado receberam o veículo aquoso, no qual as drogas dos demais grupos foram diluídas. O grupo TT recebeu extrato das flores da planta na dosagem de 10 mg/kg e o grupo testosterona recebeu propionato de testosterona na dosagem de 20 mg/kg. Todas as administrações foram via gavagem durante 30 dias. Os animais foram eutanasiados e o fígado coletado para confecção de lâminas. Resultados e Discussão: não foram encontrados parâmetros discrepantes do grupo controle em nenhuma lâmina de estudo, entretanto, o exercício físico adotado no teste concomitante de comportamento pode ter relação com os resultados. Conclusão: o exercício físico aeróbio tem a capacidade de restaurar e modular enzimas hepáticas, aumentando a glicogenólise e a gliconeogênese, diminuindo esteatose hepática e estresse oxidativo, causando efeito hepatoprotetor, aumentando mitoses e capilares sinusóides, que melhoram a irrigação e favorecem a regeneração hepática.

Introduction: hormonal decline is associated with depression. The use of synthetic testosterone increased significantly to minimize the symptoms of this condition. Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is a plant that supposedly has components analogous to testosterone. Objective: analyze liver histology of normal and reproductive decline animals supplemented with testosterone propionate and TT. Methods: forty male Swiss mice were divided into four groups, one castrated. The control and castrated groups received the aqueous vehicle in which the drugs from the other groups were diluted. The TT group received extract of the flowers of the plant at a dose of 10 mg / kg and the testosterone group received testosterone propionate at the dosage of 20 mg / kg. All administrations were by gavage for 30 days. The animals were euthanized and the liver was collected for the preparation of slides. Results and Discussion: there were no discrepant parameters of the control group found in any study slide, however, the physical exercise adopted in the concomitant behavior test may be related to the results. Conclusion: aerobic physical exercise has the capacity to restore and modulate liver enzymes, increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, decreasing hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, causing hepatoprotective effect, increasing mitoses and sinusoid capillaries, which improve irrigation and favor liver regeneration.

Tribulus terrestris L protects the photoreceptors against light-induced degeneration in part through suppression of retinal inflammation and oxidative stress / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate the protective effects of tribulus terrestris L (TTL) against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and its underlying mechanisms.Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group,light exposure group and TTL administration group,with 12 mice in each group,and then exposed to light at the intensity of 10,000 lux for 30 min for the establishment of a retinal damage model of BALB/C mice.And 100 μL TTL decoction was intraperitoneally administered into mice of TTL administration group 30 min prior to illumination.Saline vehicle was administrated into the mice of normal control group and light exposure group.Next,intraperitoneal injection of dihydroethidium (DHE) was performed 22 h after illumination,and the eyes were enucleated 2 h later and subjected to cryosectioning for microscopic detection of the in situ retinal oxidative stress.Then,retinas were dissected 6 and 24 h after illumination,which was followed by total RNA extraction,reverse transcription and RT-PCR to assess the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines.Meanwhile,the expression levels of interleukin-β (IL-1 β),chemokine (Ccl2),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA were determined.Results Prominent oxidative stress was observed in retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptor cells in the light exposure group when compared with the normal control group and TTL administration group,with significant difference (both P ＜ 0.001).Moreover,results of RT-PCR revealed that the expression of IL-1β,Ccl2,COX-2,TNF-α,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA was significantly elevated as a result of light exposure compared to those from vehicle-treated normal controls with a significant difference (all P ＜ 0.01).TTL treatment resulted in significantly decreased expression of IL-1β,Ccl2,COX-2,TNF-α,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA compared to those from light-exposed vehicle-treated controls with significant differences (all P ＜0.01).Conclusion In the retinal degeneration model,TTL protects the photoreceptor cells against fight-induced degeneration in part through suppressing light-induced retinal oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Pharmacological study on the nephroprotective effects of Tribulus terrestris L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Tribulus terrestris L. (TTL) is an annual plant of the family Zygophyllaceae that has been used for many diseases including urinary tract diseases. The fruits and roots of TTL have been used as a folk medicine for thousands of years in Mongolia, China, Iraq, India, Sudan and Pakistan. Numerous bioactive phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides, have been isolated and identified from TTL that are responsible alone or in combination for various pharmacological activities. However, to date, the nephroprotective effects of TTL on cisplatin-induced animal models have not been investigated.@*Purpose@#The present work aimed to investigate the protective effects of different doses of Tribulus terrestris L. (TTL) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice.@*Materials and methods@#The renal injury was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin for 5 consecutive days (5 mg/kg). Nephroprotection of TTL was investigated by oral administration of different doses of TTL aqueous extract at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days, starting 7 days prior to cisplatin administration.@*Results@#We demonstrated that pretreatment with different doses of TTL aqueous extract significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) levels and histophatological changes observed in cisplatin-administrated mice.@*Conclusion@#These data suggested that TTL might be a potential candidate for neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin. The dose of TTL 40 mg/kg was the most effective.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacological effect of Tribulus terrestris on kidney of rats with obesity-related hypertension through leptin mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway / 中草药

Objective: To observe the effect and explore the mechanism of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on kidney of rats with obesity-related hypertension through leptin mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Methods: To establish the model of rats with obesity-related hypertension by high-fat diet. The model rats were randomly divided into three groups: TT group (eight rats, 17.2 g/kg), Telmisartan group (eight rats, 3.4 mg/kg), and model group (eight rats, normal saline 2 mL/d). Rats were ig given drugs or saline for 12 weeks. The body weights and blood pressure were measured regularly. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and the levels of serum lipid and angiotensinII (AngII) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) were determined by ELISA. Morphological changes of adipose tissue and kidney were observed by HE staining. The density of LepR in kidney was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Levels of mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in kidney were determined by quantitive real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Results: Both body weights and blood pressure of TT group were decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TG, TC, and LDL-C of TT group were decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Kidney morphology of TT group was improved obviously and the size of lipocyte decreased. The levels of serum Ang II, Lep, and β2-MG of TT group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The density of LepR in kidney of TT group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in kidney of TT group was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TT improves the leptin resistance of the obesity-related hypertensive rats mainly through JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Protective effects of tribulus terrestris L on photoreceptors from developing bright light-induced degeneration / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate protective effect of tribulus terrestris L (TTL) on photoreceptor in the model of light-induced retinal degeneration.Methods BALB/c mice were exposed to bright light at the intensity of 10 000 lux for 30 minutes to establish the retinal light damage models.The BALB/c mice were divided into normal control group,model group and treatment group,6 cases in each group.TTL decoction was intraperitoneally administered to mice 30 minutes prior to illumination in the treatment group.Saline vehicle was administered in the normal control group and model group.Photoreceptor protection of TTL was assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 3 hours and 7 days after illumination.Gross histology and immunohistochemistry approaches were also taken to examine the retinal protection conferred by TTL at 7 days after bright light exposure.Results Compared to normal retinal morphology in the normal control group,prominent photoreceptor loss and diminished rod and cone photoreceptors evidenced by attenuated retinal expression of rhodopsin and M-opsin were observed in the model group.In contrast,TTL treatment resulted in significant protection against bright light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and remarkable preservation of rod and cone photoreceptor cells.The outer retinal nuclear layer in the model group was thinner than that in the normal control group (P ＜ 0.05),but the treatment group was thicker than the model group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Bright light induces obviously degeneration in photoreceptors in BALB/c mice.Moreover,TTL is shown for the first to significantly protect the photoreceptors from bright light-induced degeneration.

Study of the Biological Activities Preparation with Tribulus Terrestris l. on Free Serum Testosterone Changes in Male Rats / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Wistar nonlinear rats weighing 170-220g. Rats were divided 5 groups, including control group, group-1, group-2, group -3 and reference group. Dried thistle extract and raw bovine testicle were contained by 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratio. Each 0.1g ratio was dissolved in 20 ml distilled water and administered 2 times per day. Blood sampling was done for each rat after 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Their testosterone level was measured by ELISA Kit. Results: The results indicated that free serum testosterone level in male rats increase and decrease in 7 days frequency. All tested groups showed gradual increase in the level of free serum testosterone when compared to that of corresponding control (p<0.05). Statistical comparison of all groups revealed that the maximum level was found in group 1. Moreover, group 3 was showed gradually increase in level of free serum testosterone, irrelative with period of decrease testosterone level. Conclusion: According to our results and previous study, it is suggested that preparation with Tribulus terrestris L. extract could be used in the androgen deficiency and erectile dysfunctions. Keywords: Tribulus Terrestris L, Free testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone, Protodioscin

Modulatory effects of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. on the function of atopic dermatitis-related calcium channels, Orai1 and TRPV3

Objective: To examine the effects of Tribulus terrestris L. (T. terrestris) extract on the modulation of calcium channels to evaluate its use in topical agents for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Methods: The 70% methanol extract of T. terrestris was prepared. Human HEK293T cells with over-expressed calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, or transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) were treated with T. terrestris extract. Modulation of ion channels was measured using a conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Results: T. terrestris extract (100 mg/mL) significantly inhibited Orai1 activity in Orai1-stromal interaction molecule 1 co-overexpressed HEK293T cells. In addition, T. terrestris extract significantly increased the TRPV3 activity compared with 2-Aminoethyl diphe-nylborinate (100 mmol/L), which induces the full activation of TRPV3. Conclusions: Our results suggest that T. terrestris extract may have a therapeutic po-tential for recovery of abnormal skin barrier pathologies in atopic dermatitis through modulating the activities of calcium ion channels, Orai1 and TRPV3. This is the first study to report the modulatory effect of a medicinal plant on the function of ion channels in skin barrier.

Establishment of callus culture system of Tribulus terrestris and determination of total flavonoid glycosides / 中草药

Objective: To establish the callus culture system of Tribulus terrestris and investigate the contents of the total flavonoid glycosides in its seeds, whole herb, and callus. Methods: By using the orthogonal test design, different explants, the effects of culture medium, light condition, suitable hormones, and their ratio on callus induction and proliferation were studied. Callus culture system of T. terrestris was determined and the total flavonoid glycosides of its seeds, whole herb, and callus were detected. Results: The stems of T. terrestris were used as the experimental materials. The optimal medium for the callus induction was MS + 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L + 6-BA 0.1 mg/L, with temperature of 25 ℃ and darkness of 24 h/d. The optimal medium for callus differentiation was MS + 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.2 mg/L + ZT 1.0 mg/L, with light of 12 h/d, pH of 6.2, and subculture cycle of 35 d. The total flavonoid glycosides in the seeds, whole herb, and callus of T. terrestris were 1.46%, 2.01%, and 5.22%. Conclusion: Callus induced by tissue culture technique are soft, luster, and transparent, which are suitable for establishing the stable and efficient callus culture system of T. terrestris. The total flavonoid glycosides in callus are more than those in the seeds and whole herb.

Modulatory effects of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. on the function of atopic dermatitis-related calcium channels, Orai1 and TRPV3

Objective To examine the effects of Tribulus terrestris L. (T. terrestris) extract on the modulation of calcium channels to evaluate its use in topical agents for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Methods The 70% methanol extract of T. terrestris was prepared. Human HEK293T cells with over-expressed calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, or transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) were treated with T. terrestris extract. Modulation of ion channels was measured using a conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Results T. terrestris extract (100 μg/mL) significantly inhibited Orai1 activity in Orai1-stromal interaction molecule 1 co-overexpressed HEK293T cells. In addition, T. terrestris extract significantly increased the TRPV3 activity compared with 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (100 μmol/L), which induces the full activation of TRPV3. Conclusions Our results suggest that T. terrestris extract may have a therapeutic potential for recovery of abnormal skin barrier pathologies in atopic dermatitis through modulating the activities of calcium ion channels, Orai1 and TRPV3. This is the first study to report the modulatory effect of a medicinal plant on the function of ion channels in skin barrier.

Double-index Method for Quality Control of Tribulus Terrestris L / 中国药师

Objective:To establish the quality control method for Tribulus terrestris L. by colorimetry and HPLC. Methods:The HPLC method was with a Welch Ultimate LP-C18 column(250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5μm),the mobile phase was methanol-water(80:20) and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. The colorimetry was with a perchloric acid method. The saponins of Tribulus terrestrist as the index,the determination method for total saponins and saponins of Tribulus terrestris L. was established. Results:The results of the HPLC and colorimetry methods showed saponins of Tribulus terrestris had good linear relationship within the range of 0. 820-7. 380 μg and 24. 600-86. 100 μg with the average recovery of 99. 3% and 99. 5%,respectively. Total saponins and saponins of Tribulus terres-tris in Tribulus terrestris from 18 habitats were measured by the methods. Conclusion:The methods are sensitive,accurate and repro-ducible,and can be used as the quality control methods for Tribulus terrestris.

Simultaneous Content Determination of Three Components inTribulus Terrestris L. by HPLC / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to establish a method for the content determination of three components in Tribulus terrestris L., in order to compare index components of different growing periods, production places and medical parts for the scientific explanation of the harvesting time and growing places. Contents of three effective components inTribulus terrestris L., which were quercetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside and Terrestrinone A2, were determined by HPLC. The results showed that contents of three evaluation indexes all gradually increased until June and then started reducing. The contents in all evaluated indexes were in the order of the stem and leaf > fruit > root. And the content in the root was below the detection limit. The content indexes ofTribulus terrestris L. of the Inner Mongolia were much higher than that of other regions. It was followed byShandong,Hebei andShanxi province. It was concluded that the method was simple and accurate with good repeatability and stability, which was suitable for quality control ofTribulus terrestris L.

Effects of Gross Saponins of Tribulus terrestris L. on Inflammatory Reaction and Permeability of Blood-brain Barrier in Rats Following Cerebral Ischemic Injury / 医药导报

Objective To explore the effects of gross saponins of Tribulus terrestris L.on inflammatory reaction and permeability of blood-brain barrier in rats following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and their potential mechanisms. Methods Sixty SD rats were divided into sham operation group,model control group,gross saponins of Tribulus terrestris L.at low-dose (10 mg?kg-1 )and high-dose groups(30 mg?kg-1 ).Cerebral ischemia -reperfusion model was established with suture emboli method in middle cerebral artery of rats.Neural injury scores,the contents of Evans blue ( EB) and myeloperoxidase( MPO) activities in rat brain were measured 24 hours after the cerebral reperfusion post 2 h ischemia.Content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rat brain was detected by ELISA; expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) in rat brain was determined by Western blot. Results Compared to the model control group,the neurological deficit scores were significantly decreased(P<0.05),MPO activities and EB contents decreased(P< 0.05 or P< 0.01) in the treatment groups.The expression levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in the treatment groups(0.760±0.110) mg?g-1 and (0.670±0.073) mg?g-1 compared to (0.920±0.128) mg?g-1 in the model control group ( P< 0.05 or P< 0.01). The MMP-9 expression levels were (1.770± 0.181)% and(1.480±0.146)%,significantly lower than(2.200±0.186)% in the model control group(P<0.01). Conclusion Gross saponins of Tribulus terrestris L. exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through inhibiting the inflammatory reaction and decreasing the permeability of blood-brain barrier,which may be associated with the decrease of the TNF-α content and downregulation of the MMP-9 expression.

Qualitative Characterization of Solvent and Cooked Extracts of Tribulus terrestris L. Fruit.

Currently there has been an increased attention globally to identify antioxidant compound that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects. As plants are source of natural antioxidants, much concentration has been given to plants. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists within the body in which many of them are derived from dietary sources like fruits, vegetables, etc. Tribulus terrestris L. fruit extract has an ancient tradition in folk medicine and in ayurveda as a diuretic, antiseptic, mood enhancer and anti-inflammatory agent. Though already few studies are available on antioxidative properties of Tribulus terrestris, yet no research has explored what happens to boiled or cooked extract of the sample. This was conceptualized in the present study with the hypothesis whether the extract can be incorporated into foods rather than as medicine. Hence, in this study, preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of Tribulus terrestris fruit was observed and also antioxidant activity of the methanol, ethanol, aqueous and cooked extract of Tribulus terrestris fruit was determined along with nitric oxide, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. It was found that the cooked extract of Tribulus terrestris fruit too possessed greater percentage of inhibition activity when compared with other solvent extracts. Further, the results of preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that the cooked extract was absent for tannins and glycosides which are generally considered as antinutritional factors. Further, quantification of various bioactive substances including saponins in Tribulus terrestris fruit extract may suggest whether it may be suitable for formulating as a functional food.

Simultaneous Determination of Three Flavonol Glycosides in the Stems and Leaves of Tribulus terrestris L . by HPLC / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

In this paper, three higher content of flavonol glycosides from the stems and leaves of Tribulus terrestris L. were determined by reversed phase HPLC. The results showed that there was good liner relationship between the peak areas and the sample concentration at the ranges of 0.011 2~0.280 0 μg (r=0.999 6), 0.064 8~2.592 0 μg (r=0.999 8) and 0.018 4~0.460 0 μg (r=0.999 8) for isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside-7-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-gentiobioside respectively. The verage recovery rates (n=9) of three flavonol glycosides compounds were 100.15%(RSD=1.32%), 100.02% (RSD=1.14%), 99.77% (RSD=1.16%), respectively. This method is considered to be simple, accurate, stable, good precision and reproducibility, which is available for the quality control and evaluation of T. terrestris L.